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Hamza (diacritically to alif. In modern orthography, under certain circumstances, hamza may also appear on the line, as if it were a full letter, independent of an alif.
Hamzah is a noun from the verb هَمَزَ hamaza meaning 'to prick, goad, drive' or 'to provide (a letter or word) with hamzah'.[1]
The hamzah letter on its own always represents hamzat qaṭ‘ (همزة قطع); that is, a phonemic glottal stop. Compared to this, hamzat waṣl or hamzat al-waṣl (همزة الوصل) is a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically at the beginning of an utterance. Although it can be written as alif carrying a waṣlah sign ٱ, it is usually indicated by a regular alif without a hamzah. It occurs, for example, in the definite article al-, ism, ibn, imperative verbs and the perfective aspect of verb forms VII to X, but is not pronounced following a vowel: (e.g. al-baytu l-kabīru for written البيت الكبير). It occurs only at the beginning of a word following a preposition or the definite article.
The hamzah can be written alone, as if it was a letter, or with a carrier, in which case it becomes a diacritic:
I. If the hamzah is initial:
II. If the hamzah is final:
III. If the hamzah is medial:
Not surprisingly given the complexity of these rules, there is some disagreement.
There are different ways to represent hamzah in Latin transliteration:
ʾ, Š, Ǧ, Ṭ, Ḍ
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